See cold in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cawd"
},
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en",
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},
{
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{
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{
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}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cold"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cald"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cauld"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
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},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "khoal"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "cole"
}
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"etymology_number": 1,
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{
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},
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{
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},
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"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE root\n *gel-\nInherited from Anglian Old English cald, from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz.\nVariants with ch- are from West Saxon Old English ċeald.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "colde",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "colde",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "coldere",
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},
{
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[
"*coldest",
"Reconstruction:Middle English/coldest"
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],
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},
{
"form": "coold",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "chald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheld",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "schald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cald",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "calde",
"tags": [
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"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"11": "",
"12": "{{{sup2}}}",
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"4": "colde",
"5": "comparative",
"6": "coldere",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{comp2}}}",
"9": "superlative",
"f3l": "",
"f5l": "",
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},
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"name": "head"
},
{
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}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "colden"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "coldnesse"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Temperature",
"orig": "enm:Temperature",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Weather",
"orig": "enm:Weather",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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],
"id": "en-cold-enm-adj-enm:adjective",
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"Cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"weather",
"weather#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(temperature) cold, cool:",
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],
"senseid": [
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],
"topics": [
"temperature"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-cold-enm-adj-enm:adjective1",
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"location",
"location#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(temperature) cold, cool:",
"Tending to be cold (of a location)"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjective"
],
"topics": [
"temperature"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 2 0 5 0 4 5 0 5 0 1 2 6 4 2 0 5 3 3 2 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 2 8 0 5 0 2 5 4 0 0 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 4 20 0 10 9 5 20 12 13 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 4 22 0 9 0 3 23 22 12 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Fear",
"orig": "enm:Fear",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cold, cool:",
"Cold to the touch; cold-feeling."
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-adj-enm:adjective1",
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"Cold",
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],
[
"touch",
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],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"feeling",
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]
],
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"(temperature) cold, cool:",
"Cold to the touch; cold-feeling."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjective"
],
"topics": [
"temperature"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Lifeless, having the pallor of death."
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-adj-r99WrYYa",
"links": [
[
"Lifeless",
"lifeless"
],
[
"pallor",
"pallor"
],
[
"death",
"death"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Cold-hearted, indifferent, insensitive."
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-adj-jgqC3Oy7",
"links": [
[
"Cold-hearted",
"cold-hearted"
],
[
"indifferent",
"indifferent"
],
[
"insensitive",
"insensitive"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Distressed, sorrowful, worried"
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-adj-KcLvJ~jA",
"links": [
[
"Distressed",
"distressed"
],
[
"sorrowful",
"sorrowful"
],
[
"worried",
"worried"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Humorally \"cold\" (of a body part, substance, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-adj-Ftn7W8Qr",
"links": [
[
"Humorally",
"humorally"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"body part",
"body part#English"
],
[
"substance",
"substance#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ̝ːld/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːld/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɛ̝ːld/",
"note": "East Saxon, Kent, Southern"
}
],
"word": "cold"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cold"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cald"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cauld"
}
],
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},
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{
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"1": "ang-wsx",
"2": "ċeald"
},
"expansion": "West Saxon Old English ċeald",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE root\n *gel-\nInherited from Anglian Old English cald, from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz.\nVariants with ch- are from West Saxon Old English ċeald.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "coold",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "chald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheld",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "schald",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "calde",
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],
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"expansion": "cold",
"name": "head"
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],
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 4 20 0 10 9 5 20 12 13 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
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"_dis": "0 4 22 0 9 0 3 23 22 12 0 4",
"kind": "other",
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"orig": "enm:Fear",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Coldness; the state of being cold."
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-noun-cTDa696g",
"links": [
[
"Coldness",
"coldness"
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[
"state",
"state"
],
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"being",
"being"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 4 20 0 10 9 5 20 12 13 1 5",
"kind": "other",
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{
"_dis": "0 4 22 0 9 0 3 23 22 12 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
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"orig": "enm:Fear",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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"Chill; the feeling of being cold."
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-noun-~y70~PL4",
"links": [
[
"Chill",
"chill"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling"
],
[
"being",
"being"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 4 20 0 10 9 5 20 12 13 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 4 22 0 9 0 3 23 22 12 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Fear",
"orig": "enm:Fear",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Emotional frigidity; a lack of emotion."
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-noun-aPlwiDfw",
"links": [
[
"Emotional",
"emotional"
],
[
"frigidity",
"frigidity"
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[
"lack",
"lack"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Alchemy",
"orig": "enm:Alchemy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "enm:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 83 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "enm:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alchemical coldness."
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-noun-lPPGdfOn",
"links": [
[
"alchemy",
"alchemy"
],
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"Alchemical",
"alchemical"
],
[
"coldness",
"coldness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(alchemy, medicine) Alchemical coldness."
],
"topics": [
"alchemy",
"medicine",
"pseudoscience",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ̝ːld/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːld/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɛ̝ːld/",
"note": "East Saxon, Kent, Southern"
}
],
"word": "cold"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "cold",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "colden"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of colden"
],
"id": "en-cold-enm-verb-SxTkU-5L",
"links": [
[
"colden",
"colden#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"word": "cold"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gel-",
"Middle English terms inherited from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Fear",
"enm:Medicine",
"enm:Temperature",
"enm:Weather"
],
"descendants": [
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"descendants": [
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"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cawd"
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{
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"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cauld"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cald"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cowth"
},
{
"lang": "West Riding",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cowd"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cold"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cald"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cauld"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "coale"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "khoal"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "cole"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
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},
"expansion": "PIE root\n *gel-",
"name": "PIE root box"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
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},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
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{
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{
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"3": "cald",
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"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
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},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English cald",
"name": "inh"
},
{
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},
"expansion": "Inherited from Anglian Old English cald",
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{
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{
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},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang-wsx",
"2": "ċeald"
},
"expansion": "West Saxon Old English ċeald",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE root\n *gel-\nInherited from Anglian Old English cald, from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz.\nVariants with ch- are from West Saxon Old English ċeald.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "colde",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "colde",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "coldere",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "*coldest",
"links": [
[
"*coldest",
"Reconstruction:Middle English/coldest"
]
],
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "coold",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "chald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheld",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "schald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cald",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "calde",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
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"10": "*coldest",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{sup2}}}",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "colde",
"5": "comparative",
"6": "coldere",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{comp2}}}",
"9": "superlative",
"f3l": "",
"f5l": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cold (plural and weak singular colde, comparative coldere, superlative *coldest)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "colde",
"2": "coldere",
"3": "*coldest"
},
"expansion": "cold (plural and weak singular colde, comparative coldere, superlative *coldest)",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "colden"
},
{
"word": "coldnesse"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cold, cool:",
"Cold, cool (of the weather)"
],
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"Cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"weather",
"weather#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(temperature) cold, cool:",
"Cold, cool (of the weather)"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjective"
],
"topics": [
"temperature"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cold, cool:",
"Tending to be cold (of a location)"
],
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"location",
"location#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(temperature) cold, cool:",
"Tending to be cold (of a location)"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjective"
],
"topics": [
"temperature"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cold, cool:",
"Cold to the touch; cold-feeling."
],
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"Cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"touch",
"touch"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(temperature) cold, cool:",
"Cold to the touch; cold-feeling."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjective"
],
"topics": [
"temperature"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Lifeless, having the pallor of death."
],
"links": [
[
"Lifeless",
"lifeless"
],
[
"pallor",
"pallor"
],
[
"death",
"death"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Cold-hearted, indifferent, insensitive."
],
"links": [
[
"Cold-hearted",
"cold-hearted"
],
[
"indifferent",
"indifferent"
],
[
"insensitive",
"insensitive"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Distressed, sorrowful, worried"
],
"links": [
[
"Distressed",
"distressed"
],
[
"sorrowful",
"sorrowful"
],
[
"worried",
"worried"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Humorally \"cold\" (of a body part, substance, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"Humorally",
"humorally"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
],
[
"body part",
"body part#English"
],
[
"substance",
"substance#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ̝ːld/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːld/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɛ̝ːld/",
"note": "East Saxon, Kent, Southern"
}
],
"word": "cold"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gel-",
"Middle English terms inherited from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Fear",
"enm:Medicine",
"enm:Temperature",
"enm:Weather"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cold"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cald"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cauld"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gel-"
},
"expansion": "PIE root\n *gel-",
"name": "PIE root box"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "cald",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English cald",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "cald"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Anglian Old English cald",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kald"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kald",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kaldaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kaldaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang-wsx",
"2": "ċeald"
},
"expansion": "West Saxon Old English ċeald",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE root\n *gel-\nInherited from Anglian Old English cald, from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz.\nVariants with ch- are from West Saxon Old English ċeald.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "coold",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "chald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cheld",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "schald",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cald",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "calde",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "cold",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Coldness; the state of being cold."
],
"links": [
[
"Coldness",
"coldness"
],
[
"state",
"state"
],
[
"being",
"being"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Chill; the feeling of being cold."
],
"links": [
[
"Chill",
"chill"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling"
],
[
"being",
"being"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Emotional frigidity; a lack of emotion."
],
"links": [
[
"Emotional",
"emotional"
],
[
"frigidity",
"frigidity"
],
[
"lack",
"lack"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Alchemy",
"enm:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"Alchemical coldness."
],
"links": [
[
"alchemy",
"alchemy"
],
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"Alchemical",
"alchemical"
],
[
"coldness",
"coldness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(alchemy, medicine) Alchemical coldness."
],
"topics": [
"alchemy",
"medicine",
"pseudoscience",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ̝ːld/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kaːld/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɛ̝ːld/",
"note": "East Saxon, Kent, Southern"
}
],
"word": "cold"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Fear",
"enm:Medicine",
"enm:Temperature",
"enm:Weather"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "cold",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "colden"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of colden"
],
"links": [
[
"colden",
"colden#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "cold"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cold meaning in Middle English (9.7kB)
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"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "cold",
"trace": ""
}
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}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (f3d3fdb and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.